This research article examines Legal discrimination against children born out of wedlock in Iran. Despite laws promoting equality, societal attitudes influenced by beliefs continue to result in discrimination. The study explores the reconciliation of religious beliefs with Legal frameworks and the changes made to the Iranian Legal system in response to positive human rights developments. The Article seeks to bridge the research gaps by comparing the experiences of Iranian children with those in other countries affected by Islamic law. The study employs library sources and descriptive and historical research methods to examine the Legal status of children born outside of marriage, both nationally and internationally, and the discrimination they face. The Article is structured into four distinct sections: an analysis of Islamic Law, a review of the Iranian Legal system, an assessment of Iran's compliance with international conventions, and a discourse on the necessity of substantial positive change. The Article ultimately recommends the eradication of discrimination through heightened awareness and the advancement of inclusivity for all children, irrespective of their lineage. In summary, this research Article aims to shed light on Legal challenges faced by children born outside of marriage in Iran, with the goal of promoting positive changes in their treatment.

This study aimed to explore how users in Tehran perceive digital privacy, interact with online consent mechanisms, and understand the Legal protections governing their personal data. A qualitative research design was employed, using semi-structured interviews to collect data from 22 adult participants residing in Tehran, Iran. Participants were selected through purposive and snowball sampling to capture diverse digital experiences. Interviews were conducted until theoretical saturation was reached. Data were transcribed and analyzed thematically using NVivo software, following a coding process involving open, axial, and selective coding. Ethical guidelines were strictly observed, with informed consent obtained from all participants. Three major themes emerged from the analysis: perceived understanding of digital privacy, experiences with consent mechanisms, and attitudes toward Legal protections. Participants demonstrated limited awareness of how their data is used or what Legal rights they possess. Most reported bypassing privacy policies due to their length and complexity and described consent as a habitual, often meaningless act. Trust was higher in international platforms than in local ones, but Legal literacy across the board was low. Emotional reactions such as confusion, fatigue, and helplessness were common when navigating privacy interfaces. Participants expressed skepticism about the existence or enforcement of relevant laws and indicated a lack of knowledge regarding complaint mechanisms or recourse for data misuse. The findings reveal a significant gap between digital behavior and Legal awareness among users in Tehran. Inadequate digital literacy, complex consent interfaces, and distrust in Legal institutions hinder meaningful user agency. Interventions should include simplified Legal communication, user-centered interface design, and privacy education initiatives tailored to local contexts.

The expansion of cyberspace and the growing reliance of society on modern technologies have led to the emergence of new forms of delinquency, known as cybercrimes. These crimes, ranging from online fraud to privacy violations and unauthorized access to data, represent serious threats to individual and social security. One of the most effective strategies for preventing such crimes is to enhance citizens’ Legal awareness. awareness of cybercrime-related laws not only reduces the risk of victimization but also discourages individuals from committing criminal behaviors in cyberspace. The aim of this study is to analyze the impact of Legal knowledge on reducing cybercrimes and to propose preventive measures based on Iranian law and international instruments. The research method is descriptive-analytical, relying on library and documentary studies. Findings reveal that raising Legal awareness through public education, media, and official institutions can serve as an effective tool for social prevention and, alongside penal measures, contribute to reducing cybercrime. The novelty of this paper lies in addressing both Legal and social dimensions of prevention, showing that strengthening users’ Legal knowledge is a key step toward ensuring cybersecurity.

The aim of this study was to investigate the status of awareness of Legal responsibilities in sport among coaches, professors and the faculty members of Ferdowsi University of Mashhad. The present study was descriptive-survey and field in terms of data collection. To fulfill the aims of the study, modified scale of Legal responsibilities in sport by Allyn and Bacon (1980) was used. The statistical population included 163 subjects who were divided into three groups. Due to the nature of the study, the sample was equal to the statistical population using census sampling method. In order to analyze the data, descriptive and inferential statistics were used at the significance level of 0. 05. The findings showed that the sport insurance, laws and regulations, sundries, medical responsibilities and the record of the athletes’ data were undesirable and supervision and administration, caregiving standards and equipment and facilities were desirable. Generally, due to the covert sensitivity and the Legal cases which may result from unawareness and disregard of different aspects, Legal awareness of coaches, professors and the faculty members of faculty is essential.

Background & Aims: Currently, sports is one of the effective educational and moral methods for the young generation and future-builder, whose scientific face is becoming more and more evident day by day. On the other hand, winning in international sports arenas is a useful tool for promoting national pride and international prestige, and for this purpose, every year, spending large amounts of money and human resources, for the advancement of sports and success in the arenas. To be looking at sports as a social necessity and need, and the health and vitality of the society depend on it, and you should try to promote it because it is one of the important social phenomena that is necessary for all ages. Inclination to sports will prevent the young generation from being spoiled and deviant and will eradicate issues and problems such as drug addiction and social anomalies. Sports activities and related environments have always faced various events and incidents for specific reasons. These incidents have started from the least important crimes such as insults and assaults and the most severe ones such as rape and murder. The lack of knowledge of the sports community about the Legal consequences of violations and crimes in sports environments due to the lack of training and the absence of written collections that include the types of sports crimes and their punishments has always increased the quantitative and qualitative expansion of crimes. In recent decades, sports has become a big and popular industry in the world, and the Legal issues related to it have become more complicated, and on the other hand, athletes generally believe that their ilLegal actions in sports activities,finally, it ends with disciplinary punishments, which are referred to by the disciplinary committees of sports boards or federations. The range of knowledge of professional sports managers about their responsibilities and knowledge of Legal laws is usually not more than this. Knowledge of the set of Legal rules and regulations of sports teaches the sports community how to participate in sports activities so that the resulting accidents do not make them aware of the Legal responsibilities that ultimately lead to punishment, deprivation of social rights, and compensation and losses. Health-oriented laws should lead to the expansion of public welfare, the elimination of deprivation, and the implementation of justice. Health-related laws are firstly a sign of the genius of a nation, secondly, they are a model of natural laws. In history, nations that have succeeded in establishing the best laws for their society have had legislative and social genius. Knowing the Legal rules and regulations of sports is one of the generalities of Legal science, just as saving an injured athlete requires knowing first aid. Therefore, knowledge of Legal laws is mandatory in the professional empowerment of managers to reduce accidents caused by sports operations. Considering the importance of knowledge of Legal laws in reducing the occurrence of accidents caused by sports activities, the study aimed to investigate the role of knowledge of Legal laws in empowering professional managers to reduce accidents caused by sports operations. Methods: This study is a mixed type of research in which 25 people were targeted in the qualitative part of the research and the quantitative part with the cooperation of 210 sports administrative managers, sports club managers, coaches, sports teachers, referees, and sports journalists through 33 questionnaires. A researchermade question was made in Central Province. Quantitative data were evaluated through SPSS software. Results: In this evaluation, 132 codes were identified, among the identified codes, the lack of Legal and disciplinary laws in the program of coaching and arbitration classes with a frequency of 19, the absence of a Legal federation with a frequency of 18, and the lack of specialized knowledge of executive directors and staff managers with a frequency of 19. 15, the absence of a specialized court with specialized judges and the non-responsiveness of Legal laws and disciplinary regulations with a frequency of 17 were among the most important codes identified. Conclusion: In general, it can be said that knowledge of Legal laws in empowering professional managers has a significant effect on reducing sports accidents in the province, therefore, knowledge of Legal laws teaches the sports community how to participate in sports activities so that accidents resulting from them are punishable. It leads to deprivation of social rights and compensation for losses and doesn't pay attention to them. During the implementation of this research, some limitations can be taken into consideration by future researchers. This research was conducted in the area of the role of knowledge of Legal laws in empowering professional managers to reduce accidents caused by sports operations, most of the respondents had minimal Legal knowledge, and this made the researcher survey a larger number to access the results.

Since social awareness of laws can help restore people’s rights and develop their personality and the mass media play a key role in socialization and apprising people of their own rights, the present study aims to assess the awareness of women of their rights in their families and to examine the theory of awareness gap. The study was conducted by three methods: Documentary, survey, and qualitative. Statistical society included all female students at the University of Isfahan and the statistical sample size was 384 students who were selected by quota and assessed by questionnaires. The data were analyzed through SPSS and the results indicate that there is no significant relationship between students’ use of written media and their Legal awareness. Therefore the theory of awareness gap based on the reason that people who have higher social-economic position are more aware of their rights because they use written media more than those who have lower social-economic position was rejected. In general girl students’ awareness of their Legal rights in the family was not considerable.

Background: Nursing is an ethical profession and nurses are responsible for patient care. Caring for older adults requires special attention to ethical and Legal issues. Nurses' unawareness in this regard would reduce patient autonomy, the quality of nursing care and finally world reduce nursing professional credentials. The aim of this study was assessing nurses' awareness of ethical and Legal issues related to caring for older adults. Method: This study was cross-sectional descriptive. Participants were 200 nurses that worked in Hospitals in Kashan (2014-2015). Data was collected by the researcher-made questionnaire including three part, personal information, questions about ethical and Legal issues related to caring for older adults and a question about factors related to nurses' ethical mistakes. Statistical analysis was conducted using descriptive and inferential statistics via SPSS 11. 5 software. Results: The level of nurses' awareness of ethical and Legal issues related to caring for older adults was undesirable. Kruskal-Wallis test showed a significant relationship between the score of nurses' awareness of ethical and Legal issues related to caring for older adults and their academic degree (P=0. 001). Mann-Whitney U test also showed a significant relationship between the score and previous training about aging (P=0. 001) but there was no significant relationship between the score of nurses' awareness and their gender, marital status, work experience, working unit and employment status. Conclusion: The level of nurses' awareness of ethical and Legal issues related to caring for older adults was not satisfactory. This condition should bring attention to the retraining programs and strengthening the supervisory system.

In Iranian commercial law, there are a lot of cases in which the registration and Legal announcement publication is forced by law as a necessary Legal process. The most important effect of such a compulsion is that the third-party is assumed to be informed about it, so that the legislator can guarantee the trading strength and Legal order on the basis of that fiction. This Legal fiction could be considered as one of the main and direct effects of commercial registration and announcement, and it is applied when, on one hand, the announcement is lawful, and on the other hand, the announcement is made by a Legal means such as the official journal or any other way that is specified by law. In such circumstances, even if third parties are not aware, such a claim will not be accepted in the courts. In other words, this fiction poses a serious challenge to third-party good faith in cases where the announcement has been made.

Competition law is a newcomer to the Legal system recently. A sound understanding of competition policy can provide us with sufficient bases to apply a fundamental and normative view of the issues of competition law. The difference in supervision and regulation determines how the market functions and in order to understand this difference one must understand competition policy. Competition policy may be based on governmental support for national production and industry or on a non-interventional and regulatory posture. Moreover, supervision, based on the principle of non-intervention in the market mechanism, is rooted in liberal ideas; however, regulation, whether as a rule or an exception, is based on the assertion that the market has been ineffective in attaining its goals. Therefore, the government will resort to interventions to regulate inefficiencies.  This paper aims to analyze Supervisory Authority in Implementing Competitive Policy by employing the description method. In this article the author tries to first delineate competition policy, its related requirements and imposed deviations to the market. Then, by defining the supervisory entity and clarifying its distinction from the regulatory institutions, the author considers the characteristics of an appropriate supervisory entity conducting a comparative study of this issue in Iran and the U.S.A. This form of Competition policy because of its applicable experiences which have been well described by recent scholarship is considered suitable for the native system.

In this study to investigate of the effective factors on women's awareness, first we study the view of Quran, then we reviewed theories of sociologists and lawyers about awareness and the effective factors. we used survey, selected 400 women as the sample and sampling metho-d was clustered random. The technique of gathering of data was the questionnaire and the results showed that: there is a significant relationship between the independent variables (Female education, parent education, family income, relationship with peer groups, using of the mass media, female employment, social-cultural status, discipline, residential region, housing status, feeling of inferiority) and level of the awareness.